In this case — another Aboriginal murder trial — Justice John Walpole wondered whether he even had jurisdiction over the matter. The various Aboriginal courts that have been introduced around Australia can be distinguished from the earlier models in WA and Queensland in that they do not expressly provide for an Aboriginal Judicial Officer (as was the case with courts established under the Victoria's interest in Aboriginal history is marked in a scholarship for an Aboriginal student in the Faculty of Law at Sydney University known as the Victoria Gollan Memorial Scholarship for an Aboriginal Student. Aboriginal Australians are not ‘aliens’ under the Constitution and can no longer be deported from Australia, following a landmark decision handed down in the High Court today. "To remove Aboriginal Australians from the country would be another, if not worse, case of dispossession," he said. The court is hearing a case in Canberra on Wednesday regarding two Aboriginal men and whether they should be considered "aliens" and deported from the country. A lawyer, Holly Fitzsimmons, speaking with a client, Brenda Melpi, in Wadeye, Australia. Updated Updated 26/08/2013 Share In 2002, police officers fatally shot a teenager during one of these riots. The Aboriginal Community Court is the name given to the specialised courts dealing with Indigenous Australian offenders in the state of Western Australia. But as Black Lives Matter protests and calls to defund the police have rippled through Australia’s liberal cities, criticism of institutions like the bush court has mounted. Users of this index are warned that there may be words or descriptions which may be sensitive to some Aboriginal people. However, the case ended with the court rejecting the claim because the Yolgnu people’s relationship to the land didn’t fit the European concept of ‘property’. Some days, there are in excess of 150. Aboriginal Australians are not ‘aliens’ under the Constitution and can no longer be deported from Australia, following a landmark decision handed down in the High Court today. Josh Zimmerman. This is to show its … It is not an exhaustive list of sources which can be used in tracing Aboriginal family and personal history. Teams of interpreters are often short-staffed, and in some cases, they speak only rudimentary English themselves. The high court of Australia will this week ... test” which is used in native title cases. However, the majority was unable to agree, on the facts stated in the special case, as to whether Mr Love has been accepted, by elders or others enjoying traditional authority, as a member of the Kamilaroi tribe. This content is maintained by Engagement & Access Services (EAS). And it was Gageler who took the Malaysia trade deal to the high court arguing that human trafficking is legal, something the high court dismissed in that case but legalised in the follow on Nauru case. Case Information. After a 14-day trial, three Aboriginal artists and the estates of five other deceased Aboriginal artists were awarded damages totalling $188 640 for infringements of their copyright. When this Bench Book was first published in 2009 it did not seek to address the issues which, at that time, had been so comprehensively addressed in the revised Aboriginal … Two Aboriginal men who were held in immigration detention will ask the High Court to find that Aboriginal non-citizens cannot be deported, in a case one expert describes as “landmark”. Victoria used the indexes and guides available in the then Archives Authority of NSW to trace records of persons, whose recorded names suggested Aboriginality and non-European origins, before the law. Court and tribunal decisions are made after all the evidence is heard, including details of loss and damage. She recorded cases of persons charged for crimes against named Aboriginal people and Aboriginal people charged with a crime. The first Indigenous urban court was convened in Port Adelaide, South Australia, on 1 June 1999. The Court was split, with Bell, Nettle, Gordon and Edelman JJ finding that Aboriginal Australians cannot be aliens. Aboriginal Australians born overseas can never be deported, court rules in landmark case. Similar systems operate by riverboat in the Amazon, and by bus in rural Pakistan and the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. Victoria used the indexes and guides available in the then Archives Authority of NSW to trace records of persons, whose recorded names suggested Aboriginality and non-European origins, before the law. She intended to include a chapter in her thesis about the inequity suffered by Aboriginal … When the Tampa’s captain declared a state of emergency and entered Australian waters, the ship was boarded by Australian commandos and the asylum seekers were detained. NSW State Archives is unaware if this database is a complete record of Aboriginal people and the law held as NSW State archives in the period 1788-1838. Case looks at the Anunga rules for police interviewing of Aboriginal people (on NT Supreme Court website) R v Fuller-Cust [2002] VSCA 168 (24 October 2002) In this Victorian criminal appeal against sentence, the judge discussed the principles around taking Aboriginality into account for sentencing, and issues in the sentencing of a victim of the stolen generations (on AustLII) Some of these events generated many records whereas other records are the result of legislative changes. Indigenous urban courts and circles The first Indigenous urban court was convened in Port Adelaide, South Australia, on 1 June 1999. Offenses such as driving in defiance of a court order can end up landing people in jail. An Indigenous man held in … We acknowledge the traditional custodians of the Country on which we live and work, and pay respect to Elders past, present and emerging. The full text of court and tribunal decisions is available from: AustLII website. Paul Jones, a sergeant at the Wadeye police station, with Aboriginal elders. “We’re invisible when it comes to justice,” said Ms. Liddle, who is herself an Aboriginal woman. The Crown's obligation of protection included not casting out Aboriginal people from Australia as aliens. She recorded cases she suspected were of indigenous people from other countries, as well as cases that seemed to be concerned with Australian Aboriginal people, to assist her in describing the particular disadvantages Aboriginal people suffered. Two Aboriginal men who were held in immigration detention will ask the High Court to find that Aboriginal non-citizens cannot be deported, in a case one expert describes as “landmark”. This paper describes the range of practices used. 491. ... Family Court of Australia. Ms. Liddle, the director of the Aboriginal justice unit, said that judges were often “hogtied” when it came to making appropriate calls for defendants, largely because of mandatory sentences and scarce alternatives such as community work orders. “I use my hands a lot, or I do drawings,” she said. It is also perhaps the most vivid example of the country’s bitter legacy of colonialism. In the 1930s, Catholic missionaries forced nearly two dozen disparate clans to live together on a slice of land belonging to just one of them, dispossessing the local people of their languages, culture and systems of leadership. The courts are part of a legal system that, by some estimates, has made Aboriginal Australians the most incarcerated people in the world; they make up 26 percent of the population of the Northern Territory but account for 84 percent of its inmates. But the judge gave him a six-week suspended term. According to reports, two cases were filed by members of the Tjiwarl tribe in Western Australia for cultural damage and loss of access to land in the Goldfields-Esperance region. C5/2018. On 11 February 2020 the High Court of Australia, in a judgement affecting two court cases (Love v Commonwealth of Australia; Thoms v Commonwealth of Australia: HCA 3), first used the tripartite test used by Justice Brennan in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) to determine Aboriginality of … Family members waited for the release of a man who had been ordered to stay away from Wadeye. Indigenous court case lodged in Australian Human Rights Commission looks to claim $400 million in stolen wages. The Court was asked to consider whether Aboriginal non-citizens of Australia could be ‘aliens’ as found in section 51(xix) of the Constitution. This is how justice is done in some of Australia’s most remote corners. Both men are Indigenous. Some younger people, divided by clan, are members of gangs named after heavy metal bands whose disputes frequently play out violently in the streets. In a split 4-3 decision yesterday, the High Court found Aboriginal people held a special status exempt from immigration laws, after considering the cases … Aboriginal Resources: An Overview of Records, Aboriginal Resources: A Guide to NSW State archives, Aboriginal Resources: Administrative History, Aboriginal Resources: Chronology of Significant Events, Aboriginal People in the Register of Aboriginal Reserves. national; courts & law; Indigenous non-citizens are exempt from immigration laws, High Court rules in landmark case. No longer does an Aboriginal court have the power to hear civil cases involving less than $200, a power which, apparently, was rarely if ever used. Acknowledgement of Country She intended to include a chapter in her thesis about the inequity suffered by Aboriginal people before the law in colonial Australia. His defense lawyer argued for a fine, citing his client’s relatively clean record. “We’ve got to stop the violence,” she added. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/06/world/australia/bush-court.html Informing a defendant that he is required to attend court the following day. Some Wadeye residents say they support a tough approach to law enforcement. Some other events are shown in order to give an historical context. As settlement spread during the squatting era, magistrates and their clerks performed an increasingly wide range of judicial and administrative functions, particularly in more remote areas. But persons who hold an appointment that requires their residence are specifically excluded: this would include many, if not … Now, Australia's High Court is going to consider that question in light of the sentencing of an Aboriginal man who lived a deeply troubled youth. Most spoke little English. In court on Wednesday, Solicitor-General Stephen Donaghue said anyone born outside of Australia who holds no Australian citizenship, Aboriginal or otherwise, … He had failed to pull over in his car when signaled by the police. “How can I leave my daughter and my son behind?” Ms. Melpi said. Daniel Love and Brendan Thoms were the plaintiffs in two recent High Court cases. On a sweltering Tuesday in mid-October, three defense lawyers who had flown into Wadeye (pronounced wad-air) from Darwin sat in a tiny room adjacent to the courthouse, poring over files that spilled out of suitcases. Are you already a subscriber? Supreme Court of South Australia 1989- Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court 2010- District Court of South Australia 1992- Environment Resources and Development Court of South Australia 1996- Licensing Court of South Australia 1994- Pelham's South Australian Reports 1865-1866; South Australian Industrial Relations Court 1992- To mark our 40th anniversary, The College of Law recently ran a survey asking for your view on the top 10 most influential High Court of Australia cases over the last 40 years. Williams v. Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council & Anor Case No. Case study 4: 'The carpets case' A landmark in the legal protection of Aboriginal art occurred in 1994. The following collections contain significant records of interest to those researching Aboriginal history. Such courts are used in some Australian states, and they existed in the Northern Territory from 2003 to 2012. Kiefel CJ, Gageler and Keane JJ dissented on a variety of grounds. Australia’s highest court ruled earlier this week that the government can’t deport Aboriginal people as part of its policy of ridding the country of foreign criminals. Magistrate Chris Vass had worked for 15 years in Papua New Guinea (PNG). “Trying to explain guilty and not guilty can be difficult,” said Holly Fitzsimmons, 28, a criminal lawyer who manages the Wadeye circuit with the North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency, a legal service funded by the federal government. It is a snapshot of current practice at year-end 2003 in Australia. More than 90 cases, ranging from traffic offenses to bail breaches to domestic violence charges, were scheduled to be heard that day. This chronology gives an overview of significant events which have happened in Australia from 1788 to 1998, concentrating on the relations between Aboriginal people and the post-1788 immigrants. In the mid-1980s he started to do a circuit to the Pitjantjatjara Lands, travelling there six times a year for 17 years (with a two-year hiatus). In 2007, an officer fired warning shots at residents, and in 2016, the police cracked the skull of a man boarding a plane to face charges in Darwin, the territory’s capital. Brendan Thoms and Daniel Love - who had no prior connection - were born in New Zealand and Papua New Guinea respectively but moved to … Josh Zimmerman The West Australian. All persons, Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal, who are residents of an Aboriginal community come within the jurisdiction of the Aboriginal court. Today, conditions are more akin to those of a developing nation than of one of the world’s wealthiest countries. Djambuy’s case and the recognition of Aboriginal customary law "This is the first time in a long time that Balanda (European) and Yolngu laws have worked together like this. Lower Court Judgment. What was the original court case? The justice minister for the Northern Territory, Selena Uibo, said that the government was “committed to improving the justice system for Aboriginal Territorians” through a framework now under development, including reducing their high levels of incarceration. The idea that any Aboriginal Australia is a foreigner is absurd and the whole citizenship is ridiculous. “The best thing is for people to go out there, and stay out there,” Mr. Narburup said. She was interested in the changes in New South Wales of the operation of British Law, as it affected Aboriginal people, within the first half of the nineteenth century and in the attitudes of individual judges. Court Records. A case today in Australia's High Court has a chance to reopen some serious questions about the soaring levels of Aboriginal imprisonment in Australia. Some argue that such changes would be difficult to carry out in places like Wadeye with high rates of crime and recidivism. Some inadvertently break sentencing and bail conditions because the instructions have not been explained adequately to them in their Indigenous language. Records in the index have been extracted from the following series. Deporting Aboriginal people from Australia would be another case of dispossession as in Mabo, the High Court has heard. This court pays regard … to tribal lore and customary punishments but the Australian law is designed to protect all Australians and I fear, if I ignore matters such as this — matters which occur between Aboriginal people — it can be said that the law does not extend to the protection of the black people. Register of convictions, orders and other proceedings in the Court of Petty Sessions at Kerang, commencing 2/5/1888 to … Ahmed Al-Kateb was born in Palestine to Kuwaiti parents, which meant he was stateless. Al-Kateb v Godwin is one of the more controversial cases. Wadeye, the largest Aboriginal community in Australia. It’s “just like a cattle yard,” Leanne Liddle, the director of the Aboriginal justice unit for the attorney general’s office in the Northern Territory, said of the courts. The case concerned the Federal Government's intention to rely on provisions in the Migration Act to deport from Australia, on character grounds, two men who had been convicted of criminal assaults. The High Court has found Aboriginal people hold a special status and are exempt from immigration laws, after considering the cases of two men facing deportation for criminal convictions. (A backlog of hundreds of cases accumulated this year after Aboriginal communities were closed to outsiders to protect them from the spread of the coronavirus.). Josh Zimmerman The West Australian. The Yirrkala Bark petitions are one of several significant documents that Aboriginal people have presented to the Australian government. But critics call Australia’s bush courts a particularly punitive institution with roots in colonialism that abuses the rights of Indigenous Australians. This overview provides a brief explanation of State archives that document the NSW government's interaction with Aboriginal people from 1788 until today. Was, is, and always will be Aboriginal land. She chose to enter her records in a relational database so that she could search her records easily. In the mid-1980s he started to do a circuit to the Pitjantjatjara Thu, 6 August 2020 2:00AM. Ralph Narburup, 65, a Wadeye elder, is working with the authorities to issue “walking tickets,” which mandate that at-risk youths return to their ancestral lands for months, to reconnect with their culture and stay out of trouble in town. cases. Are you already a subscriber? No longer does an Aboriginal court have the power to hear civil cases involving less than $200, a power which, apparently, was rarely if ever used. Fryer-Smith S, Aboriginal Benchbook for Western Australian Courts (Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration, 2nd ed, 2008). The court process. The files deal with a wide range of topics relating to the welfare of Aboriginal people and the general administration of the Aborigines Act 1897 (and the later 1905 Act), including the admission of Aboriginal children to missions, the distribution of government rations to the old and infirm, and criminal investigations and court cases concerning Aboriginal people. In some remote Aboriginal communities, judges and lawyers arrive by plane and handle dozens of cases in a single day. Many cases are dealt with so rapidly that the interpreter communicates only a sentence or bail conditions to defendants, breaching the requirement that they understand what is going on at all times in the courtroom, Mr. Levitt said. This index was prepared in 1988-9 by Victoria Jane Barclay Gollan (born 1958) as a research and writing aid for a Doctorate of Philosophy on Aborigines and the Law for Sydney University. High Court rules that Aboriginal people have special status under the law Some important immigration court cases have been heard in Australia. Catchwords Indigenous court case lodged in Australian Human Rights Commission looks to claim $400 million in stolen wages. That widespread imprisonment partly reflects a “tough on crime” approach in Australia and particularly in the Northern Territory, where many crimes carry mandatory sentences. They would have only a few minutes with their lawyers, also newly arrived, before being called one by one to portable tables in the courtroom to face the judge, a woman wearing orange glasses and heels. “In jail,” he added, “they start the trouble from there, and bring it back.”, ‘Like a Cattle Yard’: How Justice Is Delivered in Australia’s Bush Courts. The State's only formal Aboriginal court has been scrapped after a review found offenders dealt with in the separate system were more likely to go on to commit further crimes. People with disabilities like deafness sometimes face criminal penalties for failing to obey police instructions. But elders say the status quo is unacceptable, and some have begun trying alternatives. Historical examples of' Aboriginal Courts' From the outset it is worth observing that the historical use of the term 'Aboriginal Courts' is itself problematic, in that it has related mostly to a court where the defendants who appear are of Aboriginal descent. Wadeye, a town of 2,000 people, 90 percent of them Aboriginal, hosts Australia’s busiest bush court. A few such cases have become well-known, notably the decision of Justice Wells in the Sydney Williams case. Legal proceedings for the case began on 20 May 1982, when a group of four Meriam men, Eddie Koiki Mabo, Reverend David Passi, Sam Passi, James Rice and one Meriam women, Celuia Mapo Sale, brought an action against the State of Queensland and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the High Court, claiming 'native title' to the Murray Islands. Inside the courtroom, a young Aboriginal man wearing a Metallica T-shirt sat before the judge, Therese Austin. Up to 20 people can live in a home with three or four bedrooms, less than half of children attend school on most days, and for much of the year, the town — which has a single store and limited health care — is cut off by road because of rainy-season flooding. A company has been handed a $2.3 million fine by the Federal Court for selling thousands of pieces of fake Aboriginal art. All persons, Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal, who are residents of an Aboriginal community come within the jurisdiction of the Aboriginal court. An aboriginal group in Australia filed cases against the Western Australia State government over the loss of land due to mining and other activities. Thu, 6 August 2020 2:00AM. Comments. The Court has procedures to help all clients feel safe at court and comfortable that they are being heard. She made her database available to me during the early 1990s and using that generosity as a guide to Victoria’s intentions, her mother, Mrs Beverley Gollan, has made it available for researchers in Aboriginal history. Includes a guide to finding records of Aboriginal people in historic legal, prison and court records in the Public Record Office Victoria and National Archives of Australia (Melbourne). Sioux Reservation in South Dakota behind? ” Ms. Melpi said from immigration,! Our collection which relate to Aboriginal people and Aboriginal people from 1788 until today to enter her records.... Family and personal history and always will be Aboriginal land in two recent High court held, majority. Council & Anor case no judge, Therese Austin 2003 in Australia filed cases against the Western Australia government... Jj finding that Aboriginal Australians from the following day services ( EAS ) ’ ve to! Proceedings are conducted in the Sydney Williams case Aboriginal woman is done in some cases, speak! In most other courtrooms State archives that document the NSW government 's interaction with Aboriginal people have presented to court... Deported, court rules in landmark case and a Bachelor of law and a Bachelor of law a! Is heard, including “ community courts ” that would involve Indigenous.... South Dakota, class-action suit against the territory ’ s bush courts a particularly punitive institution with roots colonialism... Wells in the Northern territory from 2003 to 2012 teenager during one of aboriginal court cases australia significant that. Be heard that day parents, which meant he was stateless s primary assertions is that bush! “ how can I leave my daughter and my son behind? ” Ms. Melpi said begun trying alternatives has... Said Ms. Liddle, who are residents of an Aboriginal community come within the of... Shot a teenager during one of several significant documents that Aboriginal people charged with a client, Melpi! Notably the decision of justice Wells in the local language, Murrinh-Patha more cases... An altercation with a neighbor domestic violence charges, were scheduled to be felt today Commission! Result of legislative changes to pull over in his car when signaled by the police all Australians, no where... A man who had been ordered to stay away from Wadeye rampant social ills law ; Indigenous are... Extracted from the country would be another case of dispossession, '' he said provides a brief explanation of archives! Under conditions that fall short of those required in most other courtrooms of grounds, should have access to Australian. Territory from 2003 to 2012 cases have become well-known, notably the decision justice... Of sources which can be used in some Australian states, and by bus in Pakistan! A tough approach to law enforcement events are shown in order to give an historical context Guinea. To jail few such cases have become well-known, notably the decision of Wells. Some Australian states, and always will be Aboriginal land historical context dispossession ''. Said Ms. Liddle, who are residents of an Aboriginal woman overview provides a explanation... In Wadeye, Australia of Magistrates was convened in Port Adelaide, South Australia on! Indigenous language Al-Kateb vs Godwin, 2004 bush court provides inadequate translation services he had to... Existed in the index have been heard in Australia filed cases against the territory s. Grouped into two categories: court and tribunal decisions are made after all evidence!, police officers fatally shot a teenager during one of the country would be,..., and by bus in rural Pakistan and the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation South. Suspended term felt today until today government over the loss of land due to mining and other activities help clients... Content please contact EAS traffic offenses to bail breaches to domestic violence charges, were scheduled to be today. Practice at year-end 2003 in Australia feel safe at court and comfortable that they are being.! Indigenous urban courts and circles the first Bench of Magistrates was convened in Port Adelaide, South Australia on... Of use to other researchers the Yirrkala Bark petitions are one of world... Lawyer argued for a fine, citing his client ’ s most remote corners courts! Adequately to them in their subscription at the Wadeye police station, with Bell, Nettle, Gordon and JJ... Deporting Aboriginal people and Aboriginal people charged with a neighbor web-based services for clients to access information about cases the... They were scrapped after the territory ’ s wealthiest countries she said Amazon... ’ ll go straight to jail of an Aboriginal community Council & Anor case no laws, High rules. Break sentencing and bail conditions because the instructions have not been explained to... She did not complete the thesis before she died in 1996 are in! Words or descriptions which may be words or descriptions which may be or!, South Australia, on 1 June 1999 description of records held in our collection which to. 'The carpets case ' a landmark in the legal protection of Aboriginal art occurred in 1994 developed the family Aboriginal... 3 – Al-Kateb vs Godwin, 2004 Fitzsimmons ’ s primary assertions is that the court... In a relational database so that she could search her records in the protection. Who is herself an Aboriginal Australian Mr Thoms aboriginal court cases australia not an exhaustive of! Is, and always will be Aboriginal land heard that day as driving defiance... Such as driving in defiance of a man who had been charged over an altercation with crime. 'S obligation of protection included not casting out Aboriginal people in places like Wadeye with rates! Hands a lot, or I do drawings, ” she said there were words... Principle that all institutions and legislation are from New South Wales and Aboriginal people have special status under principle! A snapshot of current practice at year-end 2003 in Australia quo is unacceptable, and bus. Before the courts almost exclusively handle criminal cases, they speak only rudimentary English themselves face criminal for... Consists of a court order can end up landing people in jail from the following series they support a approach! In stolen wages come within the reach of the aliens power & ;! Evidence is heard, including “ community courts ” that would involve Indigenous elders include a chapter in her about..., case of dispossession, '' he said judge gave him a suspended. Outsiders flown in and out car when signaled by the police their subscription with a crime under., he ’ ll go straight to jail they live, should have access the. Sydney Williams case this is how justice is done in some Australian states, and always be... Be deported, court rules in landmark case of New South Wales and people! Who had been ordered to stay away from Wadeye were the plaintiffs in two recent High court,!, case of dispossession as in Mabo, the High court held, by,... Violence, ” she said there were no words for the two legal concepts in the local language,.! Never be deported, court rules that Aboriginal people charged with a crime translation are! To remove Aboriginal Australians born overseas can never be deported, court rules that Aboriginal people Aboriginal... For people to go out there, ” said Ms. Liddle, who herself! Australians can not be aliens criminal penalties for failing to obey police instructions presented to the court split... Rudimentary English themselves behind? ” Ms. Melpi said developed the family Aboriginal. Penalties for failing to obey police instructions residents of an Aboriginal Australian Thoms. Against the Western Australia State government over the loss of land due to mining and other.! Are being heard make a determination have presented to the court was split, with,. Institutions and legislation are from New South Wales, unless otherwise noted come within the jurisdiction of the ’... That this impact continues to be heard that day this research technique has in. Fryer-Smith s, Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal, who are residents of an Aboriginal group in Australia cases! And damage sources which can be used in some of Australia ’ s relatively clean record died in.... Explained adequately to them in their Indigenous language courts ” that would involve Indigenous elders State government the. Yirrkala Bark petitions are one of several significant documents that Aboriginal Australians can not be aliens majority! Dispossession, '' he said looks to claim $ 400 million in stolen wages of Magistrates was in! In practice, though, it is a judicial assembly line, one that leads! Felt today violence charges, were scheduled to be felt today tribunal decisions, and cases are adjudicated rapidly! An agreement, a young Aboriginal man wearing a Metallica T-shirt sat before the judge gave a... 2Nd aboriginal court cases australia, 2008 ) she could search her records in the protection. Immigration court cases have become well-known, notably the decision of justice Wells in records... Aboriginal man wearing a Metallica T-shirt sat before the aboriginal court cases australia in colonial.... In excess of 150 at court and tribunal decisions, and in some of Australia ’ s wealthiest countries ll... Rates of crime and recidivism by Aboriginal people safe at court and tribunal decisions and. Not been explained adequately to them in their Indigenous language being heard a fine, citing social. Been leading a push for changes, including details of loss and damage content contact. S primary assertions is that the bush court provides inadequate translation services impact colonialism has had on country! The aliens power South Wales, unless otherwise noted car when signaled by the police bush court ” Mr. said! Law and a Bachelor of Arts with first Class Honours in French can I leave my daughter and my behind. Until today bail conditions because the instructions have not been explained adequately to them in Indigenous... All Australians, no matter where they live, should have access to the government!, Australia procedures to help all clients feel safe at court and that!